REVIEW
Desde 1956, numerosos dispositivos de derivação foram projetados para tratar a hidrocefalia. Consequentemente, a hiperdrenagem liquórica surgiu como uma complicação grave que predispõe a outras doenças. Esta revisão tem como objetivo descrever os fatores associados à hiperdrenagem e analisar as principais intervenções utilizadas no tratamento e prevenção desta complicação. Os artigos das bases de dados PubMed, BVS, Scielo, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Cochrane e Web of Science foram selecionados usando como termos “overdrainage”, “complications”, “hydrocephalus”, “valves”, “treatment” e “neurosurgery”. Após aplicar todos os critérios de exclusão, 19 artigos foram incluídos. Em um estudo com válvulas de pressão diferencial programável e a hiperdrenagem foi relatada em 26,6% dos pacientes, mostrando melhora nos sintomas em 87,5% dos casos após reajuste de pressão das válvulas. Nas válvulas de pressão diferencial clássica, os estudos relatam maiores complicações devido à hiperdrenagem. As válvulas de baixo fluxo obtiveram uma taxa de hiperdrenagem de 3,2% e a taxa de resolução dos sintomas com válvulas gravitacionais foi superior a 82%. O tratamento cirúrgico da hidrocefalia é baseado no implante de um sistema de derivação ventricular, neuroendoscopia ou ambos. Há mudanças nos sistemas de derivação que tentam reduzir a hiperdrenagem, o que inclui válvulas projetadas para abrir sob diferentes pressões e dispositivos antissifão. Os dispositivos de terceira e quarta geração mostraram-se promissores no tratamento e prevenção de drenagem excessiva. Entretanto, mais estudos devem ser feitos para garantir mais confiabilidade.
Since 1956, numerous shunt devices were designed to treat hydrocephalus. Consequently, overdrainage emerged as a serious complication that predisposes to other diseases. This review aims to describe the factors associated with overdrainage and to analyze the main interventions used in the treatment and prevention of this complication. Articles on the PubMed, BVS, Scielo, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Cochrane and Web of Science databases were selected using as terms: ‘’overdrainage’’, ‘’complications’’, ‘’hydrocephalus’’, ‘’valves’’, ‘’treatment’’, ‘’neurosurgery’’. After applying all exclusion criteria, 19 articles were included. In a study with programmable differential pressure (DP) valves, 26.6% of cases of overdrainage were reported showing improvement in symptoms in 87.5% of cases, after valve pressure readjustments. In classic differential pressure valves, studies report higher complications from overdrainage. The low flow (LF) valves obtained an overdrainage rate of 3.2% and the rate of symptom resolution with gravitational valves was higher than 82%. Surgical treatment of hydrocephalus is based on the implantation of a shunt system, ventricular, neuroendoscopy, or both. There are changes in the shunt systems that try to reduce the overdrainage, which includes valves designed to open at different pressures and anti-siphon devices. Third and fourth generation devices show promises in the treatment and prevention of overdrainage, however, studies should continue to be done to ensure even more efficiency.
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(1) Medical student, Medical School, Atenas University, Passos, MG, Brazil.
(2) Medical student, Medical School, José do Rosário Vellano University, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
(3) MD, PhD, Scientific Director, EDUCSIM Institute, Neurosurgery Department, Santa Marcelina Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
(4) MD, Neurosurgery Department, Foundation Regional Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto – FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
(5) MD, PhD, Neurosurgery Department, Atenas University Medical School, Passos, MG, Brazil.
Received Nov 15, 2021
Corrected Feb 27, 2022
Accepted Mar 23, 2022
